The Countercultures of the 1960’s and 2000’s

The Sixties has distinguished itself as a decade that saw great cultural and political upheavals. The movements of the Sixties were struggling against the most problematic and difficult issues of post-war world — racism and poverty, dehumanization in the developed world due to technology, and Third World liberation (Morgan 4). By the 1960s, the ghetto communities of California became overly poor, overly policed, and extremely resentful. This tension between a racist and repressive police force led to civil disturbance and unrest in the United States.Growing unrest led to the rise of the civil rights movements such as the Black Panthers in Oakland, the Black Berets (Chicano) in San Jose, and the Brown Berets in Los Angeles. In an effort to divert or destroy growing movements for social change, the government infiltrated most civil rights and community activist groups, precipitating their demise or diminishing their influence (Rodriguez 12). In the fall of 1966, two young black militants, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California.They wanted to have African-American history courses taught in the college as well as the employment of additional black teachers but soon evolved in response to a survey of the community to include a ten-point platform which called for â€Å"Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace. † This basic ideology has been flexible enough to be adapted to meet the needs of all those who conceptualized the Black Nationalist struggle as one of both race and class (Harris 162). The Brown Berets was an organization who initially led the cultural awareness and social-political activism in the 1960’s for the young Hispanics.They were a new generation of Mexican students characterized by increasing militancy over continuing inequity in education and inequality in economic opportunity. However, the Brown Beret’s resistance to police harassment, coupled with their military idolatry and political romanticism caused the organization to degenerate into militant violence and, gradually, to alienate the Mexican community and its youth altogether (Alfieri 1569). In the late 1960’s, a group was formed calling for a new gay radicalism. It was called the Gay Liberation Front which aimed to fight the cultural homophobia alongside racism, sexism, and militarism.It was formed after the Stonewall Riots which started with the raid on a gay bar. The police was met with much resistance and shouts of â€Å"Gay Power! † The movement aimed to free sexuality, transform the family as an institution, end anti-queer violence, and develop a new vocabulary for the erotic (Shepard 49). The 1960’s also saw the rise of rock music and alongside it, the movement known as the counterculture emerged. America’s youth was vulnerable to the messages of rock music's sounds. From this emerged a group called the hippie.â€Å"Hippie† meant differ ent things to the older and younger generations. According to Terry Anderson in The Movement and the Sixties (1996): Parents usually stated that hippies included everyone revolting against something, or simply revolting to them, and mainstream journalists simply labeled them â€Å"dirty, costumed protesters† who had long hair, smelled, and smoked dope. Marijuana was the â€Å"staple of hippiedom,† declared Time, â€Å"L. S. D. its caviar,† and Nicholas von Hoffman added, â€Å"if the word means anything, it means a hippie is a dope dealer.† At the end of the decade a journalist summed up the older generations' level of knowledge of the counterculture when he gave his peers advise on how to spot a hippie: â€Å"Well, hippies look like hippies† (243). The hippies promote a bloodless revolution of young urbanites, who, although they protest against much in society, are non-violent protesters, and who symbolize their attempt to overthrow western values by their home-made clothes, their rejection of the distinction between ‘decent' and ‘obscene', their disbelief in political solutions, and their desperate attempt to be ‘folk' (Wilson 195).In the twenty first century, fads and lifestyle are likewise influenced by music and less due to civil activism. It is rooted more on pop culture. Pop started in the underground in the â€Å"subcultural movements of Black youth, White gays or artistic avant-gardes†¦ pop as a way of living means a way of thinking and feeling, of living and also of dying†¦from Jimi Hendrix to Kurt Cobain† (Muggleton & Weinzerl 42).An example is Goth which was initially a musical genre that emerged in the late 70s post punk era and has now evolved into a full-blown sub culture with the introduction of Gothic fashion and imagery movement. A Goth is someone who is usually into the darker side of the world is deep into thought and feeling and often creates or modifies their clothing u sually consisting of mainly black. Tribal designs and religion-related jewelry are common, such as crucifixes and pentagrams (Muggleton & Weinzerl 290).Then there is hip-hop, a sub-culture or lifestyle which started as a name for the four elements of the late 70's New York City renaissance which includes break dancing, emceeing, (rapping) graffiti, and turntablism. We see its proponents wear loose pants and shirts for men, tight pants and shirts for women and bling-blings. Music and dance has also created an identity and a sense of belonging within the clubbing crowd called rave technotribalism. They are dress upped for parties and clubs.In contrast, we have the Gen X who feel politically dispossessed and express their agitation in the name of democracy, environment, fair trade and other societal issues who dress up in jeans and shirts and carrying back packs (Muggleton & Weinzerl 68-69). Works Cited Alfieri, Anthony V. â€Å"Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. † Duke Law Journal. 53. 5. (2004). 1569+. Anderson, Terry H. The Movement and the Sixties. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Harris, Jessica Christina. â€Å"Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party. † The Journal of Negro History.85. 3. (2000). 162. Morgan, Edward P. The 60s Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Muggleton, David & Weinzierl, Rupert (eds. ) The Post-Subcultures. New York: Berg, 2003. Rodriguez, Luis. â€Å"The End of the Line: California Gangs and the Promise of Street Peace. † Social Justice. 32. 3. (2005). 12-16. Shepard, Benjamin H. â€Å"The Queer/Gay Assimilationist Split: The Suits vs. the Sluts. † Monthly Review. 53. 1. (May 2001). 49. Wilson, Bryan. The Youth Culture and the Universities. London: Faber, 1970.

Corporate Ethical Responsibility Essay

CARSI Inc. has long since served the business world since 1922 where it first introduced products and services that are economically acceptable to large-scale markets as well as small business ventures all over the world. These high-tech products include industrial machineries and large-scale shipping vessels that provide business transactions and trading. But the dawn of the Prohibition during the 1930’s forced CARSI Inc. into revising its corporate strategy. While surviving and maintaining industrial and trading quality from the 1930’s up to the present, CARSI Inc. has also opened new avenues of business ventures and management opportunities that gave rise to the CARSI Management and Training Division (CARSI-MTD). Founded in the 1990’s, CARSI-MTD is an outsourcing company that not only provides world-class training programs and strategies but also provides multitude of careers opportunities to the young, aspiring individuals as well as professionals alike. Its main goal is to provide a wide range of training and development programs that will enable more perspectives in business management, Human Resource practices, career development, and corporate business responsibility. As such, CARSI-MTD has produced top-caliber CEOs, executives, top-management officers, and leading theorists in the business practice through an extensive learning program that centers on intellectual development and practical application. CARSI Inc. and CARSI-MTD as of 1999, became a member of the prestigious Fortune-500 group of companies with a total net worth of over $5-billion. Also, CARSI Inc. has provided financial assistance as well as business development in third-world countries by providing a pioneering effort of encouraging small-scale businesses as a means of livelihood and societal development. To date, CARSI-MTD maintains high-standards, quality, and value over employees which are the essential of corporate success. Vision To be a corporate-responsible company that provide business career opportunities, investments, career growth, and quality management practices for aspiring professionals around the world. Mission To introduce to the business world a new perspective of business practices through social awareness, ethical business practices, theoretical business development, and personnel growth and satisfaction. To bring about change in labor-oriented companies through proper compensation, security, and benefits. Products and Services CARSI-MTD offers a wide range of products and services, specifically designed by CARSI Inc. to meet the standards of a globally-competitive market. These products include: CARSI-MTD Learning Institute – a company investment which further applies management, human resource careers into further study and forming theoretical frameworks that can be applied in real-world cases or situations, specifically on labor, personnel management, and human resources. Training Materials/Programs – in line with its Vision-Mission statement, the company also provides scholarly articles made by certified professionals that serve the benefit of schools, colleges, and universities that specialize on management courses. Practical Application Procedure (PRACP) – a unique development of CARSI-MTD which aims to apply methods of learning to practical methods in developing countries that stabilize economic problems, help cultivate Foreign Direct Investments and, maximizing country growth output. Cultural Responsibility The company’s moral responsibility lies firstly on the company’s purpose. The company aims to produce good business practices by maintaining high-standards of quality that ensures a sound and ethically acceptable ethical behaviour in companies. By enforcing quality, principle, idealism, and perfection into the standards set by the company, it presents an alternate and relative effect on businesses and corporations around the world. Second, the company aims to maximize profit of its stakeholders, without compromising personal, social, or cultural issues. Guiding Principles â€Å"Organizations must recognize the rights and interest of various stakeholders – not only stockholders and employees but also outsiders affected by the company’s actions† (Sims 2003, p.40). This is the main ethical principle for the company as it aims to not only protect shareholder and stockholder interests but also to take into consideration the company’s actions. The company assures job satisfaction among its employees, an ample amount of investment for stockholders, ensuring proper adherence to legislations and laws through different international governments, proper benefits for union members, fair competition, and being a responsible citizen in a communal aspect as well as affecting a change on the quality of life. The following are the main points of social responsibility of CARSI-MTD: – Shareholders: An active participation on the distribution of profit, right to elect board of directors, transfer of stock, inspection of company books,etc. – Employees: Economic and psychological satisfaction with employment. Protection from political or physical imputations of company officers. Fringe benefits. Right to the formation of a union and forming Collective Bargaining Agreements. Conducive working environment and conditions. – Customers: Quality services through high standards (e.g. product knowledge, assurance). Reliable warranties. Extensive Research and Development Program. – Unions: Recognizing as a legitimate bargaining agent of between employees and the employer. – Competition: Recognizing the normative functions of a healthy, competitive business environment as dictated by the industry and organization. – Governments: Proper adherence to taxes, public policies (fair and free trade) and the labor code. – Society: Act as company that contributes to social formation a well as healthy environment in small communities, provision of unbiased employment, cultural and financial initiatives, charities etc. (Sims 2003, p.41). In the internal aspect, the company is guided by the following professional ethics: Accounting The company considers a strict compliance to company rule and policy to avoid creative accounting and misleading financial predictions and analyses, manipulation of company resources, black market trading, excess executive compensation, bribery, etc. Human Resources As a company aimed to provide opportunities to all, the Human Resource practice of the company strictly follows an anti-discrimination policy as well as adhering to local and international business laws with regard to age, gender, race, religion, among others. Also, the company maintains a healthy working environment by providing suitable working conditions. In addition, the company provides heavy penalties for office politicking, blackmailing and invasions of privacy. As such, company policies also state an assurance on occupational safety and health, transparency, and individual freedom. Sales and Marketing Marketing policy of the company is determined to reduce price fixing, discrimination and skimming through a more social and moral introduction to different alternatives and methods. Also, the company blatantly refuses advertisements and marketing strategies that manipulate the nature of sex, provide subliminal messages or exposing children, sexual orientation in its corporate strategies. Principles for Consideration Corporate Social Responsibility is the main guiding ideology in the formation of a Code of Ethics. â€Å"CSR requires the continuing commitment by business to behaving ethically and contributing to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce, their families, as well as community and society at large† (Sims 2003, p. 43). What CSR provides is a corporate ideology of the company as it aims to form the an ideology that is aimed at social and economical development rather than a pure capitalist view. Through a social initiative, the company has a purpose to exist morally and ethically as it aims to support social causes and awareness through fundraising and volunteerism, among others. However, the problem lies when CSR is taken for granted when it is the company’s duty to be socially aware and responsible.

Difference Between Wordpad and Notepad Essay

What is the difference between Notepad and WordPad? Answer: Both programs are text editors that are included with the Windows operating system. Notepad is the most basic text editor, which allows you to open and create text files. While you can create several paragraphs of text with Notepad, using line breaks (by pressing the Enter key), the program does not give you text formatting options. For example, you cannot change the font size or make the text bold. WordPad is similar to Notepad, but gives you more formatting options. You can use bold and italics formatting, and change the font, size, and color of the text. You can also create bulleted lists and center and justify paragraphs. WordPad allows you to save documents as either basic text (. TXT) files or rich text format (. RTF) files. Saving a document in the rich text format will keep all the formatting you have done to the text, while saving it as a basic text file will remove all text formatting from the document. Notepad is a good choice for creating webpages It is also useful for removing formatting from text that you have copied and want to paste somewhere else as plain text. Just paste the text into Notepad, copy it again from Notepad, and you have completely unformatted text. WordPad is a good choice for writing papers or creating documents that you want to print. It is also great for making lists, since it supports bullets. You can use WordPad to open an unformatted text document and add whatever formatting you want. If you want even more formatting options and a more user-friendly interface, you can use a program such as Microsoft Word.

Problems at Perrier Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems at Perrier - Case Study Example Identify three drivers of change in organizations today and its impact on the organization’s need for an effective change management process. Drivers of change in organizations today can be internal or external. As a rule a company holds more sway over internal drivers than it does external, although employee turnover such as retirement, termination or death often disrupts organizations, especially at the senior levels. Three driving forces of change in organizations today include technological capacity, the economy and competition. Technological capacity is an example of an internal driver, which includes the forced outmoding of equipment such as an operating system upgrade or a technological invention that renders current equipment obsolete. The economy and competition are two examples of external drivers of change. Companies have very little control over the economy and their competitors. In both examples, a downturn or an aggressive move by a competitor can generate consid erable loss of revenue which can necessitate restructuring. 2. Discuss the typical reactions of employees to change and the related effects on the change management process. ... 3. Identify three key elements of the resistance to change described at Perrier. In the Perrier example, the employees resisted change on three key fronts: threat to loss of livelihood and revenue, â€Å"attachment to the current organizational structure and perceived breach of the psychological contract† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). The Perrier employees, most of whom belonged to the CGT union, viewed the Nestle takeover negatively and felt that the multinational company had no understanding or sensitivity to the importance of Perrier to the region it supported (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). Despite the fact that productivity remained low and competition for Perrier’s niche became fierce after Danone launched Badoit Rouge, workers and management maintained a confrontational relationship that undermined change attempts (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). â€Å"Perrier’s management put bottles of Badoit Rouge in the cafeteria. This had been done to emphasize the poi nt to Perrier employees that they were involved in a head-to-head battle for that niche in the market† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). The Perrier employees â€Å"took the bottles and dumped them in front of the factory director’s door, so he couldn’t get into his office† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). 4. Construct a change management strategy for dealing with this situation. In doing so, identify three approaches to managing resistance you recommend and provide clear justification for your choice. A change management strategy involves a resistance profile that centers on the â€Å"likely resistors† (Palmer, Dunford & Akin 2009). In the Perrier case, the CGT union

Compare and contrast the ways in which one of the main ideologies Essay

Compare and contrast the ways in which one of the main ideologies (i.e. liberalism, socialism, conservatism, - Essay Example This study is being undertaken in order to conceptualize a thorough understanding of the development of liberalism throughout the years. Discussion Liberalism came about in the Enlightenment period and it was initiated by the views of the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes who set forth that man â€Å"always acts with a view to his own benefit, with the avoidance of violent death as the greatest of evils† (Sorrentino, p. 2). He saw the government as a necessary agency which would protect man from his instincts in gaining as much as he can from his actions. This thought process was supported to a certain extent by John Locke, but with some modification. Locke leaned more on the belief that man is by nature good and was rational enough in following his natural rights – that of protecting and preserving his life under the inherent laws and conditions appropriated by God. Locke also emphasized that there is a need for man to protect his natural rights and to carry out the na tural rules given to him by God (Sorrentino, p. 3). In a way, this formed the basis of the thought process in liberalism which accepts the need for government control. Nevertheless, the importance of protecting man’s basic rights has been highlighted by early liberalism ideals. French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau supported the fact that government was needed in order to unite people (Sorrentino, p. 3). These philosophers had different views of the social contract as they supported the liberal ideal that government is essential in protecting social harmony. The ideas of these philosophers were advocated and supported during the Enlightenment era and further supported by nineteenth century philosophers. Adam Smith also saw the roots of his commercial liberalism in these philosophers. He believed that commercial liberty has a natural counterpart in the constitutional order where the civil and political rights are protected (Sorrentino, p. 4). Jeremy Bentham had also a simil ar view with Adam Smith as he advocated the laissez faire policy in economic policies. Bentham however did not support the idea of natural law because he believed that the state is there to protect human welfare. This view seems to be supported in the current context of liberalism. Liberalism somehow evolved with the period of Enlightenment as the people seemed to take on a more ‘enlightened’ view of the world and of their natural rights within contemporary society. In general however, it is John Locke who is credited for advocating the formal foundations of liberalism. From his ideas, liberalism found its roots in his claims that all men are â€Å"by nature free and equal against claims that God has made all people naturally subject to a monarch† (Tuckness). Locke believed that people have basic rights to life, liberty, and property and these rights are the foundations of a liberal society. Locke’s belief in the freedom and equality of men justified the e xistence of legitimate government based on a social contract where men transferred their rights to the government in order to secure their enjoyment of their lives, liberty, and their property (Tuckness). However, even before these concepts of liberalism were laid out, the principles which have fundamentally differentiated liberalism from other ideals have already been present in civil society. The â€Å"

JP Morgan Chase Proposal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

JP Morgan Chase Proposal Analysis - Essay Example The essay "JP Morgan Chase Proposal Analysis" talks about the in-house software development process to solve one of JP Morgan Chase challenges in cyber security. Through research and development, the technology team at JP Morgan Chase will come up with a system that will use in protecting the intrusion of hackers. The process of developing software to deal with the problem of cyber security is as important as the outcome. Through the development of the system from scratch, the information and technology team will have a greater understanding of the functionalities. In designing the system, for instance, the description of the data flows help the development team to identify any potential weak point in the system. Through charts and diagrammatical explanations, other members of the organization can also easily understand the underlying processes in the system. In most organization, the introduction of new ideas and ways of doing business is often met with a degree of resistance. The r esistance will stem from the fact that the members of the organization have little or no understanding of the system. As such, implementing the change brings with it a high level of challenge. Through this process, JP Morgan Chase staff involved in the change to the new system will receive an in depth understanding that is crucial for the system’s successful implementation. As a direct result of the comprehensive understanding of the system, the employees involved in the development process can also easily troubleshoot the system.

You decided Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You decided - Case Study Example Brandt (2002), suggests that banks may discriminate for nonprofit reasons, but this discrimination diminishes with a bank’s incentives and human capital. In order for the client to get her loan from the bank approved, she requires to know her limitations and credit score and prepare a checklist of the appropriate documentation. The bank will inform her of range of credit scores required for loan approval. Sue must also understand her preferences, the terms she can reasonably afford, check the loan packages and her goal for paying off the loan. To start off the ordeal will require preparing a trial balance with the relevant available documents. She will also need the available bank statements for the current tax year and present this to the bank as evidence for eligibility of the loan. In essence to the International Revenue Service (IRS, n.d.), a $300,000 bank loan is equivalent to a 50% tax. Thus, Tax deferment will be in handy. The IRS issues penalties if there is any delay in the tax returns but to prevent this requires filling an extension and thus she will have extra time to finish up her personal tax returns. In 2010, the IRS had announced the need to audit small businesses for credibility and the use of electronic files. This was mainly to enable them to be more proficient when examining records, and this are also a much faster method of resolving issues. In addition, reviewing the US accounting rules Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), mainly to prepare the financial statements. Combining the efforts of IRS and GAAP will have a positive impact on the cost of doing business. To expand her business and increase chances of acquiring a loan, the SBA Guaranteed loans should not be left out. These are government loans that are provided in the US and are available in many banks, in the US. These loans allow entrepreneurs to boost their chances of acquiring a loan and in the repayment of the loan. Some banks in the US also

Integrated Communication Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Integrated Communication Marketing - Assignment Example Promoting the mink-coats using social media will enable Glamora coats to get instant response on how the consumers view their products. Social media will enable Glamora to post photos of their mink-coats and videos of the same to the social sites and enable people to comment. It may as well enable Glamora to make changes on their coats before they launch should they receive negative comments on their coats (Bishop, 2014). The traditional media is as well very important in reaching the target audience that does not embrace social media. Traditional media is good in creating a wave around a product. When properly exploited, traditional media should be used to create the wave that would lead to increased demand on the mink-coats. Dresses always do better when endorsed by a celebrity and through traditional media this can be excellently achieved. However, traditional media may only reach audience who have time to sit in front of a media outlet e.g. a TV or radio, those that may not will require to be reached through another media communication means (Sherman, 2001). Web media as well plays a critical role in reaching the techno savvy audience. Web based media outlets work more or less like social media outlets but with better description to the product (Gherasim,

Concern Related to Embryonic Stem Cell Technology Research Paper

Concern Related to Embryonic Stem Cell Technology - Research Paper Example Introduction Embryonic stem cell technology is developing rapidly at present because of the huge developments in genetic engineering. Many of the genetic diseases and other chronic diseases can be treated effectively with the help of embryonic cells. Starr et al (2010) pointed out that â€Å"Stem cells are self-renewing in nature† (Starr et al., p.449). In other words, patients who are suffering from cell damages or malfunctioning of cells can be treated with the help of stem cells. Stem cells are usually classified into two broad categories; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Even though adult stem cell related technologies are developing fewer controversies, embryonic stem cell related technologies are generating huge controversies. As the name indicates, embryonic stem cells are collected from embryos. It forms soon after fertilization whereas adult stem cells form during adulthood. It is evident that embryos which undergo stem cell collection may not survive. The l ogic of saving the life of a person by destroying the life of an embryo is often questioned by religious leaders and sociologists. In their opinion, there is no point in saving a life at the expense of another life. On the other hand supporters of embryonic stem cell technology are of the view that human life is more important than an embryo’s life. ... Embryonic stem cells have the ability to replicate indefinitely and it can help the formation of all adult cell types. It should be noted that adult stem cells do not possess such abilities. Under such circumstances, embryonic stem cells are extremely useful in the treatment of many of the genetic diseases and other chronic diseases which cause cell destruction. Starr et al pointed out that â€Å"embryonic stem cells could be used to provide new nerve cells† (Starr et al., p.449). Many of the adult population are currently suffering from nerve problems such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, dimenisia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS etc. All these diseases are extremely difficult to treat with ordinary medicines. No medicines are capable of regenerating cells. Stem cells are useful and perhaps the only option in the treatment of above diseases. For example, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS is a disease which affects nerve cells in brain and spinal co rd. ALS prevents people from free moving because of the inability of muscles in receiving instructions from brain as a result of the damaged nerve cells. â€Å"Even though genetic defects were reported in some cases, the exact reasons for ALS are still unknown in majority of the cases†(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers' is caused by problems in cortical neurons whereas in dementia, Lewy bodies, or frontotemporal lobar degeneration is causing the disease. Parkinson disease is caused by dopaminergic neurons whereas upper and lower motor neurons cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Inou, p.2560). Choia et al (2010) mentioned that â€Å"As a rare and fatal

Supervision management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supervision management - Essay Example aper discusses some of the most important aspects of good leaders and also management strategies for making teams work effectively and successfully to help them achieve their goals. Strategies are important as it will not only help the organization achieve their objectives but also make the new comer in a team feel comfortable and more productive. Edith Penrose (1959) was one of the earliest academics to argue that â€Å"what happened inside the firm was just as important as the marketplace outside the firm†. In fact till this concept came out the main focus of economics had been upon the marketplace outside the firm, with a detailed consideration of market demand and supply issues. Penrose argued that the growth of the firm was related to its use of resources, its past history and its evolution over time. He emphasised that the previous history was a key influence on future development. There are several issues that need to be kept in mind while the strategies are formulated. It is essential that different individuals have different potentials and these strategies need to help them bring out their full potential to accomplish the goals of the organizati on. Supervisors and managers who have the responsibility to lead a group face the challenge of being part of a group while simultaneously leading it. It is very difficult to do well and demands for a mix of skill, hard work, plan, and discretion (Rockall and Gertsch, 2001). The main responsibility is the management of the team: ensuring safety, while providing an experience for the members. Their focus is to work to make the team run easily and work together to ensure the project aims are met. A good leader recognizes that they cannot do everything and they have to involve their team. Many of the leader’s responsibilities can be delegated to members of the team. When managing the team, leaders must continuously assess team members’ needs, potential, and abilities and must consider those factors when allocating

The Need of Establishing Gambling Statutes Essay Example for Free

The Need of Establishing Gambling Statutes Essay Gambling is considerably one of the most controversial yet most tolerable forms of activities that man has ever get entwined itself onto. In every race and in every culture, there exists these set of laws which are admitted to be the backbone of keeping the general welfare of its inhabitants as well as with keeping its people â€Å"traditional† and able to follow the beliefs and the laws by which their forefathers have established (Peterson). However, in the recent times, the world has become more open and liberated in the strict sense of gambling—although there are still those who are trying to pretend to be the â€Å"good guys† and hunt those who gamble—that in large cities, gambling is perhaps the backbone of the economy, that without it, the society would drool over getting crippled in the financial basis (Goss and Morse). In the light, the irony of the statutes’ presence in the laws of certain governments is as good as getting swallowed whole by those who benefit over it (Goss and Morse). To be able to thoroughly understand the definite meaning of gambling and the efficiency of the â€Å"statute† that inhibits the said form of activity, one must be able to know how it is taken and accepted in different areas. Consequently, through analyzing the effects of gambling to the society, one shall be able to assess and evaluate the pious importance that its laws bring. The Beneficence of Gambling on American Indians Due to the diverse views of human beings in the streamline of gambling, it would rather be better to focus on a certain race alone, perceivably one of the pioneers in crafting gambling statutes so as to thoroughly focus the analysis and assessment on the chosen culture. The American Indians have been known for its enthusiasm in gambling and the grasp that it holds when it comes to deliberative discussions on the effect of gambling in the society. In the context of literature and of historical schema, Americans are naturally fond of gambling (Nichols). In fact, there were about 100 million Americans who legally gambled $400 billion but lost with $39 billion to the house in 1995. According to reports and studies, Americans consumed more money on lawful amusement games than on movies, books, and recorded music combined (Johansen). The most celebrated places where well known casinos are in include New Jersey and Nevada. However, Native Americans or the American Indians are group of people in America that are so in tune with casinos and other gambling activities. In effect, the acclaimed most commercial casino in the Western Region is said to be Foxwoods High Stakes Bingo Casino in Ledyard, Connecticut is run by Pequot tribe, a group of American Indians (Nichols). Throughout the history, especially in politics and governance, the American government has consistently attempted to reform the status of gambling on American Indians (Nichols). This is for the reason that growing numbers of specified accounts involving poverty, juvenile delinquency, alcohol and drug abuse, poor educational facilities, high crime rates, and other social problems that intricate American Indians are due to the fact that they are so inclined with gambling activities. Though some tribal groups have asked the American government to alleviate those incidents, the debate is raised whether the American government has the authority to intervene with tribal affairs since tribes are long considered to have their own set of rules thus making them sovereign (Deland). Further, the American Congress had passed in 1988, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act which admitted the rights of American Indian tribes across the United States to set up gambling and gaming amenities and services on their own management provided that such facilities would be instituted in states that have some type of legal gambling (Eadington). Two of the most notable cases which appeal to this act are the Seminole Tribe of Florida vs. Butterworth and California vs. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, both happened in 1980’s. Gambling Statutes among American Indians The economic advantages that are drawn from gambling activities economic can best be appreciated by analyzing its impact on the labor market. Gambling establishments by American Indian have given hundreds and thousand of Indians and non-Indians work. Due to this fact, the unemployment rates in American Indian tribes have largely dropped. Further, according to a study conducted by the â€Å"Midwest Hospitality Advisors report on Indian gaming† in Minnesota, most of the Indian gaming establishments in Minnesota presently make use of more or less 5,700 laborers (Davis). Four among these gaming establishments have been named as the major employer for their bordering city. Another four casinos are hailed along with the top five employers within their districts while the other one is included in the top ten. The study also describes that during the years 1990 up to 1992, there was a decrease of 3. 2 percent on Indian recipients living in nations with Indian gambling establishments. Furthermore, such gambling establishments even benefited other non-casino recipients by 14. 6 percent (Davis). From the time when the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was implemented, gain of profits from Indian gambling establishments has developed exponentially. At the same time, the unemployment rate which was reported before to mark at 30 percent was dropped to almost zero with the establishment of Indian gambling houses (Davis). All over the United States, the total gain of profits from the Indian gambling establishments are estimated to reach $6 billion U. S. dollars. Finally, profits gained from these gambling establishments and operations are used by the tribes for the advancement of the reservation as well as the American Indians themselves. They use their earnings on setting up schools and colleges as well as community centers. As of now, there are over 26 tribal colleges across the entire United States (Davis). Furthermore, the profits are also used to set up education trust funds, to support alcohol and drug rehabilitation programs, establishing water and drain systems on their area, and investing in new industries and ventures—a firm and sturdy argument for this topic. Discussion The idea of gambling may be unacceptable to some tribes and culture. Hence in the larger perspective of the issue, it is evident that the legalization of gambling and the reputation that it has gained worldwide is surprisingly overwhelming that the long regarded poverty and unemployment problem of the society has been cured and been given an echelon of remedy which many consider as both a form of hobby and a profession as well. Perhaps gambling does not need laws or statutes to be enjoyed by the general public. However, if this form of perception shall be intolerable by the government, then the humanistic nature of human beings would float up in the scenario—everyone would want to be the head of the casino, or the leader of all the â€Å"expert gamblers†Ã¢â‚¬â€the noted crime rate would only double. Moreover, if gambling is not legalized, then there would be a battalion of offenders each day, given the fact that the society is already aware of the fortune that they may or might achieve in the schema of gambling, a pinch of hole blurted on the series of gambling—as introduced—shall be hailed by those who were not able to get a profession due to lack of education or inherited poverty line. They would then be coerced to steal, or kidnap the president’s daughter in exchange for money to buy his kids some food—again, crime rate is most likely to shower. The good thing cited on the issue of having gambling statutes are ought to be seen with the contribution that it brings the economy. Tackling about the increase of crime rate, it would lead to a realization that casinos and â€Å"gambling spots† are housed with physically and mentally trained men, harnessed to keep safety, peace and order in the place. Which is rather safer now? To play poker on rural suburbs hence not being coined with gambling, or having statutes where the government gets a fair share for the pursuance of established goals and objectives in developing the vicinity through the aide of gambling statutes? Conclusions and further remarks There is also the contention for the prospect of establishing a regulated gambling market which can be a profitable source of government tax. This idea illustrates the observation that the widespread activities which are in one way or another a form of gambling and its potential to be a market commodity can overcome the legal restrictions ascribed unto it (Goss and Morse). A controlled degree of the regulation of â€Å"underground gambling†Ã¢â‚¬â€if the government is able to hunt them down and impose taxes on them—for example, creates, instead, an increase in government revenues that may outweigh or, at least, come close to the actual government payments on law enforcement against the production, distribution and consumption of illegal drugs or better, to help countries who are in grave need of help. Gambling activities and establishments for some parts of the planet are part of their traditions and cultural heritage thus there should be no way that would hinder them in preserving such tribal practices. Though there are negative effects and repercussions that are drawn from the legalization of gambling which acknowledges the rights of the selected tribes to set up and employ gambling operations, the positive aspects overrides the latter in such a way that gambling activities are directed towards their personal, cultural, political, and economic development (Deland). Thus, gambling operations and establishments like casino should be remained legal and accessible to highly urbanized places hitherto making them economically stable which then raises the question why other countries choose to drive away from the idea of legalizing gambling and help their country gain much while having fun. Works Cited Davis, Sia. Indian Gaming in the United States: Dispelling And Highlighting Advantages. National Conference of State, 2005. Deland, Paul S. The Facilitation of Gambling. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 269 (1950): 21-29. Eadington, William R. Indian Gaming and the Law. University of Nevada, Reno Bureau of Business, 1998. Goss, Ernest P. , and Edward A. Morse. Governing Fortune: Casino Gambling in America. Michigan: University of Michigan Press 2007. Johansen, Bruce Elliott. The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition. Greenwood Press, 1998. Nichols, Roger L. American Indians in U. S. History. University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Peterson, Virgil W. Gambling: Should It Be Legalized? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951) 40. 3 (1949): 259-329.

Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking Questions Essay Labeling is a societal way of correcting wrongs within the community by giving names related to the kind of wrong committed. Unfortunately, this does not always correct the deviant’s behavior. The labeled character internalizes the label and gets accustomed to it so as behave as labeled. Once one is called a thief they become one because the society is already aware of their character and they have no fear. They abide to the ascribed label, (Labeling and Crime, 2001). 2). What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? Primary deviance, according to Edwin Lemert, is the initial act in which a person is identified to have committed a social wrong. When the society tries to correct it by punishing the offender they may or not stop committing this act depending on their perception of the form of correction. Secondary deviance is a kind of deviance that results from the reaction of the offender to the initial societal corrective measures. The offender tends to acquaint themselves with stubbornness against first hand correction to mistakes. As result of being labeled they develop a mind set that they are deviants. The community may try to punish them harder only to realize that they harden and commit the crime more frequently and fully become criminals rather than just deviants, (Crime and Criminology, 2010). 3). What are some examples of master status not in the text? A master status is acquired when one is successfully labeled and develops that particular kind of label making it his/her personality. For example, one may acquire a master status as a prostitute, rapist, gay or homosexual. This may have resulted from an act out of curiosity, desperation or poverty. When it is known to the public they may be labeled. The community does not want to associate with them and they may not get jobs due to the label and they decided to make it their personality for survival. 4). What are traits associated with them? Master status may result to a complete change in the character and personality of an individual. The new state makes them express low self esteem, shyness to the public, wild reactions that make them commit the crime more even after harsh punishment. They may tend to be closely associated with other criminals and may indulge in other related crimes other than the one they were labeled after. This mixed reaction results from victimization of the labeled person by capitalizing on his weakness rather than promoting their strengths. 5). How do those assumed traits affect our perceptions of people with that status? The perception of the community on a person who has acquired master status is transformed towards the description of this person in accordance to their label. They are called thieves other than teacher or father which would still be his other roles in the society. The community perceives them as evil and criminals despite any attempt to act well. 6). What are decision-making types used by rational choice theory? Decision making in rational theory may be in two types. Criminal event decision type and criminal involvement decision type. Criminal involvement type of decision making involve the criminal weighing options on whether participating in a criminal activity would yield more benefits or negatives. A cost benefit analysis is first taken before one commits crime. Crime event type of decision making involve the issues related to a particular crime that respond to the questions where, when, and how. The person must have decided to commit a crime and but they are either held back by either of the above mentioned situations which would promote the success of the crime, (Vito, Maahs, Holmes, 2007). 7). How do these decisions apply to crime? The rational decision making applies in crime in a number of ways. If a criminal decides that it would be beneficial, advantageous, and lucrative to commit the crime then they would commit it at particular location and specific time as deemed appropriate. When the analysis is completed the criminal does not fear any punishment emanating for the crime they intend to commit. This is applicable in theft and burglary cases. References Crime and Criminology: retrieved in 2010. http://www. sociologyindex. com/crime. htm 2010 Labeling and Crime: edited in March 2001: http://www. le. ac. uk/education/resources/SocSci/labelling. html 09 Vito, GT F. , Maahs, J. R. Holmes, R. M. (2007). Criminology: theory, research, and policy. Canada: Jones and Bartlett’s publisher.

A Case Diagram Of A Club System Information Technology Essay

A Case Diagram Of A Club System Information Technology Essay Use cases: Use case describes a sequence of actions to provide some measurable value to an actor, was drawn into a horizontal oval. Context Diagram of the system: Data Flow Diagram: Create use case diagram I would like to identify as many actors as possible. You should ask how the actors interact with the system to determine the initial setting of a use case. Then, in the chart, you connect the actors and use cases associated with them. If an actor to provide the information, start with the cases, or receive any information, so use case, then the relationship between them should be. I usually wear including the association arrow lines, because my experience is that people put their signs that the flow of information, rather than the initial call. As I began to notice the similarity between the use cases, or actor, I began to simulate the proper relationship between them . The preceding paragraph, I described the general use case modeling style, a Jim actors first Approach. Some people like to first determine an actor, use case, they participation, and then the evolution of the model from there. Both methods work. The most important point is that different people take different approaches, so you need to be flexible when the following morning practice model and others. Actor. Actor is a person, organization or external systems play a role in one or more interaction with your system. Actors come to insist on digital. Community. Associations between the roles and use cases use case diagram is shown in solid lines. As long as there is an association, is an actor involved in a use case interaction descriptions. Society is modeled as a line of cases and participants to connect with each other, the arrow on the line with an optional one end. The direction of the arrow is usually used to indicate the relationship between the initial call, or explain the main actors in the use case. The arrow is usually confused with the data stream, the result I avoid its use. System boundary boxes. You could draw a rectangle around the use cases, called the system boundary box, to show the scope of your system. Function within the box represents what is to what extent and in the outside box is not. System boundary box is rarely used, although sometimes I use this to determine which use cases will be delivered to all major version of the system. Figure 2 shows how to do so. Package (optional). Package is the construction of UML, allowing you to organize model elements group. Package described as folders, can be used in any UML diagram, including use case diagrams and class diagrams. I use the package, I only plan to become clumsy, which often means that they can not print a single page, organized into small, large-scale map. Figure 3 Figure 1 depicts how restructuring and packaging. In this, depicted in 1, the Academy s may enroll in courses to help register. Use case specifications: Use case contains the text to further standardize the description of the use case. The usual text specification also describes the process of all possible error specified, and how to remedy the system will take action. This specification can be customized or extended to address specific issues or organization implementation. Conclusions and commentary: This section should provide any final comments on the system design, or use the system. It should include any known problems, restrictions, or extenuating factors contribute to the decision, or may affect the future of the system. Use Case: orders Main Role: Customer Abstract: This use case allows customers to create a purchase order to use / update existing customer information or data, by creating a new customer. If the customer has begun to purchase orders directly (without having to visit the online catalog), he or she can select items from a product catalog of use cases. Objective: To allow customers to create and submit orders Focus categories: customer, project configuration, purchase orders, standard items Premise: The customer has valid user ID and password of the customer extranet Activity diagrams: Figure 1 Figure 2 Activity diagram shows flow through the systems activities. Read the chart from top to bottom, and has branches and forks to describe the conditions and parallel activities. A fork is used when multiple activities occur at the same time. The following diagram shows a cross after the activity design. This indicates that these two activities are the design and activity3 occurred at the same time. Activities after the design has a branch. The branch describes what activities will be held on the basis of established conditions. After a certain point the branch is a merger that ultimately acts to be qualified by the branch began. After the merger of all the parallel activities must be integrated to the final by a transition to active state. Task 2 Class diagrams: This type of chart, also known as block diagram, class and object distribution components or modules. This is very convenient to design the system, possibly hundreds of thousands of components. Attributes and operations: Can also use the display options at both ends of the association operation pieces displayed inside the definition and parts diagram, internal block diagrams or the definition of UML class Rational Rhapsody Sys ML solution to improve the binding characteristics of the connector parameters of the chart features, so you can set the properties of components. Context is a dialog box to invoke the right-click Properties, then select bound to the context. In addition, the three labels are added to the binding connector: Source Context: the background of the source-side connector binding Target Context: background, objectives at the end of the connector binding Value: the value of sharing the source and target completion Task 3 Sequence diagrams: Sequence diagram is still rather inadequate development in the UML. The biggest difficulty is the stimulus behind the actions. These are purely textual in implementation; there is no way to contact them back to their associated operations or signals. It hides all the communication partners located outside the communication system is not interested in the moment. They can be included in their interests. Included by clicking on the within the system boundaries. You can also use drag and drop or simply click on an object reference to include the object sequence diagram. As you can see a new sequence diagram is very fast. Method calls the hidden outside the system boundary. If a method call appears to become visible and method parameters of the return value will be displayed, if the method returns. Exceptions can also be seen. Sequence diagram of the layout of a complex mechanism, there is no need for time-consuming hand-arranged communication partners. This is a fishing Sequence diagramsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Windows XP/Server 2003/Vista/Server 2008 contain the firewalls that may prevent certain types of this product communications. If these firewalls are enabled, you might not be able to access computerized system remotely. If there are computers in your network that run these operating systems, you need to configure the firewalls to allow for these communications. To use the Windows XP firewalls, you need to configure them to support communications by opening ports or by specifying trusted programs. You can enable communications by permitting rugbyclub.exe on all computers. If you want to install client software remotely, you must permit servers to send traffic from TCP ports 1024-5000 to TCP ports 139 and 445 on clients. Stateful Inspection permits the return traffic automatically. You must also permit clients to receive traffic from server TCP ports 1024-5000 on TCP port 139. And you must permit clients to send traffic from TCP port 139 to TCP ports 1024-5000 on servers. Legacy communications also require that UDP port 2967 be open on all computers State machines: I cannot seem to get over my brain state machine this week, unfortunately is not ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I find I rarely use them so, but I have a nagging feeling that they can be so incredibly useful. I think this is because they finally allow me to separate concerns. Today, for instance, I run the facilities for building, plant ASP.NET wizard form roughly the following steps. The workflow GUI is to achieve a simple online survey, people can submit. I started not even think of a state machine. I just use case document in my desk, and hackers along with a number of ASP.NET pages. This is a fast growing chaos. I really want to use some of the states model. However, a complaint is to achieve national model tend to take so much code to represent the channel state transitions. This article demonstrates my point, I just have no time invested in so many things not trying to Disc the author, and many look very beautiful, I just want a convenient things. Even draw a state diagram need too much time with respect. I would like to dream of a simple way to express this state machine kind of thing in the code, it has been the following. Please note that Run down: Start -> [Introduction || AlreadyDone] Introduction -> Terms -> Scores Nomination Confirm -> Thanks [Terms, Scores, Nomination] -> Saved for Later Communication diagrams: Each complex or major functional requirements will show a sequence diagram or a communication planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A behavioral model is used to define the functional requirements to implement a system. Implementation of each component in the logic model illustrates how interactions to achieve this requirement. Integrated into the technical design of a behavioral model helps to define the responsibilities (functions) and interface in the component level. In the UML, the sequence or communication diagrams to illustrate patterns of behavior. TASK 4 Regulations and best practice: Although a lot of attention is given to protect the company .Electronic assets from outside threats from intrusion prevention system Firewall, vulnerability management organizations must now put their Note that an equally dangerous situation: the problem of data loss from Inside. In fact, many organizations have a big hole in the control .Create a safe environment, to protect electronic assets. This hole is now common business and personal communication with the Other on the Internet. Whether email, instant messaging, e-mail, web site form, or File transfer, electronic communications out of the company continues to a large extent Uncontrolled and unsupervised on the road, their destination and there is always the potential of confidential information falling into the wrong Hand. Should be sensitive information is exposed, it can wreak havoc .Organizations bottom line through fines, bad publicity, loss of strategic Customers, loss of competitive intelligence and legal action. Given todays strict regulatory and super-competitive environment, data loss Protection is one of the most critical issues facing the CIO who, civil society organizations and CISOs. For the establishment and implementation of the DLP strategy, the task can be Seem daunting. Fortunately, effective technology solutions available. This Report on best practices, organizations can use as they seek to prevent leakage of the solution, implementation and observance and protection the companys brand value and reputation. Solution combines the best varieties: Data loss prevention solutions are still developing, not a single offer most organizations need all the depth capacity. For example, In both data management campaigns and static data carrier, is a Challenges and vulnerability, need a different set of features. Recalling the entire data stream, companies need to address data loss. Problem by creating an end-to-end solutions using the best of similar products. The best answer is to use specialized supplier of solutions, from the data Motion and at rest, data obtained the most comprehensive and effective prevention Across the board. the best sign is the same solution can be extended and strengthened By integrating the best of its effectiveness and other similar tools. Companies should avoid selected DLP solution from their inhibition Integration in the future. With the development of the industry, it will be essential to have Full advantage of the flexibility and future third party support Solutions through connectivity and data sharing. B. Computer system being developed: Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Decision Support System for PCI, a comprehensive set of regulations to enhance payment account data security, is by American Express, Discover Financial Services Card, JCB, MasterCard International and Visa International, to help promote the widespread adoption of consistent data security measures in a global basis. Data loss problems ranging from confidential information about a customer is exposed thousands of source code files Send to a rival companys products. Whether deliberate or accidental data loss occurs any time an employee, consultant or other sensitive data are released on the customer, financial, intellectual property, or Other confidential information (violation of company policy and regulatory requirements). Consider the following two striking examples: the U.S. online job search engine data Contain personal information, members, employees of DuPonts 400 million U.S. dollars leakage of intellectual property, CEO of the whole food industry competition Bashes blog by a former Ceridian employee accident job number and bank account information, 150 people The advertising on the site. The list goes on example. With all of the channels available to employees electronically disclose today Sensitive data, the extent of the data loss problem is an order of magnitude Greater than the protection from outside threats. Consider the level of effort required to cover all losses carrier An organization may experience: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ motion data any data, is through the network to the outside via the Internet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data break the data resides in file systems, databases and Other storage methods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data in the end the data in the network endpoint (such as data of the USB devices, external drives, MP3 players, notebook computers, and other highly mobile devices) in order to avoid the sake of delayed receipt of a data loss, businesses must assess The vulnerability of each specific carrier, and take appropriate loss. C. Data protection in the new system Access to data at any time, any place, is an integral part of most business Organization. A powerful, user-friendly solutions for personal and corporate data services area for a rest encryption is a must have for companies in many industries. New system to provide tools to organizations of all sizes to fully control and protection of the key as the FileVault for the adequate protection and management of all access to the users home directory, encrypted disk image processing to enable users to sensitive data without any form additional costs often associated with additional encryption solution. Based on the hardware: Time has proven that changes in security solutions, from software to embedded hardware They mature, and its implementation. The same trend is occurring already available from Seagate FDE drive technology, or self-encryption hard drive. In this way change the encryption / decryption process from a software module A real-time, embedded hardware chip hard disk storage module. The organization is considering hardware-based full disk encryption, some solution providers have expanded enterprise management solution was FDE technology management software in addition to providing key technologies emerging FDE hard drive. The FDE technology transition to the hard drive or continue to use the software to split the environment and Hardware FDE technology. This continuity can provide additional assurance, organizations can continue to use familiar solutions. With the critical nature of the data, the protection of the rest, this is not part of the organizations most important philosophical or political quagmire. The best approach is to focus on the appropriate data protection. If the FDE drive technology is the ideal solution, but the current Vendors do not support Apples product line, however, it would be best to take critical look at other players available in this area. If there is no competition, no improvement in security products, they have. Deprive an organization of FDE hard drives on the basis of technology solutions provider may be weakened, if not eliminate, the necessary level solutions, hardware-based solutions may also be an obstacle to the current best practice of two-factor authentication, may adding complexity to the user. Task 5 2.Indiana University and IU Varsity Sports Council is pleased to announce an exciting new tool that allows season ticket holders to choose their own seats, giving them views of online interactive sites to see the two in international units largest music facilities. In the implementation of the new online seat system is to drive the Varsity Club board of directors in collaboration with national and international athletic ticket office units and the Varsity Club staff. In recent years, each group has collected the views of donors on how to make it easier for season ticket renewal process. The results of their research focused on an online system that allows season ticket holders choose their own seats. IU music: IU Memorial Stadium This has traditionally been done in the ticketing office staff based on individual priorities, and asked to write any special ticket for the seat. Companies Seats3D products allow users to see a virtual rendering and line of any section of Memorial Stadium and City Hall. Music fans can rotate the view that in all directions and zoom in and from that location. See Seats3D product by looking at the international unit of Memorial Stadium, City Hall virtual tour or virtual tour. Season ticket holders will be able to use advanced management system, view seating season seats, and to select the seat. According to their priority points, ticket holders will be assigned a specific date and time recorded in the system to choose their own seat selection you want all from the convenience of their home or office. Specially trained staff will provide assistance to season ticket holders without Internet access who are willing to call or personally visit the Memorial Stadium, choose to select their own seats on the specified date. The new honor system, complete seat selection, while giving priority points system ticket holders to better control their designated seat location, Varsity Club presidents left-wing coalition, said director of the National Committee. Indiana fans can view Real-time availability and choose the best seats according to their personal preferences location. . In order to adapt to the new online seat selection system, closing date for applications for 2010 season tickets has been moved to March this year. Select seats will be online in June occurred 5 . Through this new online seat allocation system resulted in two years of hard work by the IU Varsity Club, its Board of Directors and staff of athletic ticket office, said: Fred Glass, vice president and director of intercollegiate athletics . They have done a great job to listen and to seek donations of new technologies, so that our fans first to choose their own seats. online tools, greatly improved customer service and purchasing experience in ticket holders in sports venues and the United States. More than 200 university students and professional venues and facilities have been used online product range. In addition to streamlining our seat allocation process, this online tool to strengthen our commitment to improve the fan experience, added: deputy director of the à ¦- ¯Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ £Ã‚ ® competitive. With this innovative technology, fans will be able to easily select the seat in a similar manner, they choose airline seat today all from the comfort of your computer. Ticket holders and fans encouraged to view the virtual heat Hu visit the Memorial Stadium and City Hall and testing the new international unit of the system before the online seat selection, their choice of time allocation. Technology provides a unique sales and marketing tool for Member, venue owners / operators, and Internet-based ticketing solutions. Seats3D products are market leaders in complex three-dimensional visualization. seat technology to create realistic visual effects to improve the online booking experience, familiar with the potential customers of the facility, creating excitement, sales and customer satisfaction levels. The current site on the use of facilities, including on-site national, NBA, and American football, Major League Baseball, Major League, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and NASCAR. innovative seat relocation management system . print media available for printing: Print a broader audience access to knowledge, so that future generations of intelligence based on the results earlier. Print, according to Acton in his teaching of history (1895), to the guarantee of the Renaissance will continue this work, it will be what is written all access, so occultation of knowledge and ideas suppressed the Middle Ages will never be repeated, this is not a concept will disappear. [8] Print a help change the social nature of reading range. As a Briggs and Bideboke identify five to read, the developed countries on the introduction of printing: 1.Critical read: Because of the fact that the text finally entered into the general population, appear critical reading, because people choose to form their own views on the text. 2.Dangerous reading: reading is seen as a dangerous pursuit, because it was seen as rebellious and withdrawn. This is particularly the case of women, because it may lead to dangerous emotions like love of reading. Some people worry that if women can read, they can read a love letter. 3.Creative read: get people to read printed text and to explain their creativity, in very different ways, more often than not the authors intent. 4.Extensive read: print allows a wide range of text becomes available, therefore, the previous method of intensive reading text, from beginning to end, began to change. With the existing text, people began to read about a specific topic or section, to allow a wider range of reading a wider range of topics. 5.Private read: This is the rise of individualism. Print before, often mass incidents, including one reading to a group of people. With print, the text also provided literacy up to become a solitary pursuit of reading. Although discussions have been invented printing in the spread of traditional values, its greater contribution to promoting the long-term development is that it changes the relationship between space and discourse Wang is the proliferation of the media to discuss the introduction of the printing press, the oral culture of death, and this new culture more seriously, instead of hearing in the visual medium. So press had a more convenient and popular source of knowledge, because it broke the boundaries of knowledge and between the masses. Narrative discourse or what now exists will be indirect, when the global village. The invention of printing has changed the occupational structure of European cities. Printer into a new group of craftsmen for their literacy is necessary, but more labor-intensive occupation of the scribe falls. Proofreading to correct a new career there, and the rise of booksellers and librarians to follow the number of natural explosion of digital books. Stefano graphic anti-counterfeiting (secret) marks . For example, small yellow spots on white paper, producing a color laser printer. Main article: Secret printer Many modern color laser printer to print mark by an almost invisible point grid, for identification purposes. This is yellow, the size of about 0.1 mm, and the grating is about 1 mm. Allegedly, this is the result of a deal between the U.S. government and the printer manufacturer to help track fraud. The point code data, such as printing date, time and printers serial number in binary coded decimal print every piece of paper, allowing pieces of paper, trace the purchase by the manufacturer to determine location, sometimes the buyer. Digital rights advocacy organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, concerned about the erosion of privacy and anonymity of those who print. Use device Dedicated room for 20 peoples Whiteboard and markers Notepads and pens Projector LAN cables 24 ports 100 MB network switch Computer for demonstration with following specification: Processor Core2Due 2GHz or above RAM 2GB Hard disk 160GB CD ROM drive card reader Task 6 a. A set of fully normalised tables showing the normalisation process for each table First Normalization Member(MemberID, MemberName, MemberAddress, Telephone number, , MemberID) Member(MemberID, MemberName, Description, Captain, Vice-captain, , ) Match(MatchID, MemberID, OpponentMemberID, Date, Venue, OpponentMemberName, MemberScore, OpponentMemberScore) Training(TrainingID, TrainingDate, TrainingTime, Venue, TrainerID, TrainerName) 2nd Normalization . Match(MatchID, MemberID, OpponentMemberID, Date, Venue, MemberScore, OpponentMemberScore) OpponentMember(OpponentMemberID, OpponentMemberName, , ) . Training(TrainingID, TrainingDate, TrainingTime, Venue, TrainerID, TrainerName) 3rd Normalization Training(TrainingID, TrainingDate, TrainingTime, Venue, TrainerID) Trainer(TrainerID, TrainerName) Data Dictionary entries for all items included in the database design Table: Training Attribute: TrainingID: number(10) , the value is unique and cannot be null TrainingDate: Date TrainingTime: Time Venue: Char(20) TrainerID: number(10) cannot be null TrainerID references to Trainer Description: If the trainerID is null, it means that there is a training without any trainer what is the meaning behind the restrictions? TrainingDate, TrainingTime and Venue with the same value cannot appears twice in the Training Table. TrainerID cannot appears twice in Training with the same TrainingDate and TrainingTime. b. database design Customer: Field Name Description Format Typical Value MID Member ID Number(4) 0001-9999 Name Member Name Varchar(40) Peter Law BDate Member Birthday Date String YYYY-MM-DD Gender Gender of member Char(1) M/F ContactNumber Contact Number Varchar(16) 852-68121630 Address Contact Address Varchar(120) EAddress Email Address Varchar(40) [emailprotected] TType Member Type Varchar(2) T1,T2,J1,J2,J3 JDate Member Join Date Date String YYYY-MM-DD Status Member Status Char(1) Active, Suspend BType Blood Type Varchar(3) O+, A+, AB+, B+ MHistory Medical History Varchar(2000) EID Emergency ID refers to Em Table Number(4) 0001-9999 PHistory Field Name Description Format Typical Value MID It refers to Table ClubMember Number(4) PDate Paymemt Date Date String YYYY-MM-DD PAmount Payment Amount Number(3) 20,25,42 Primary Key = MID + PDate Em Field Name Description Format Typical Value EID Emergency ID Number(4) 0001-9999 EmContact Emergency Contact Name Varchar(40) Mary Law EmNumber Emergency Contact Number Varchar(16) 852-23731248 FLList Field Name Description Format Typical Value MID Match ID Number(3) YYS (2 digit year + Session Number) TID1 First Member ID Number(4) 0001-9999 TID2 Second Member ID Number(4) 0001-9999 TType Member Type Varchar(2) T1,T2,J1,J2,J3 MDate Date of the match Date String YYYY-MM-DD Location Place of match Varchar(120) Result1 Result of First Member Number(2) 00-99 Result2 Result of Second Member Number(2) 00-99 Validation Rule Check length of Member name it must not null. Check Contact number numeric only. Check length of address, it must not null. Check validation of birthday value. After finish input birthday of member, system will generate Member type for this member. Medical History can be null. No default value for blood type, so user must select blood type from combo list. Emergency Contact Name can be selected from combo list, or enter new one. Check length of Contact Name must not null. Check Emergency contact number numeric only. Validation Rule Session is selected from combo list, only current session can be selected. System retrieves existing Member ID from database and allows user to select it from combo list. After selected Member ID, system will retrieve Member type from database and display on screen. System retrieves existing Member ID, remove Member ID from other Member type and also remove Member ID on above combo list. It avoids user to select same Member ID. The Member result and VS Member result must positive integer. Task 7 raining Session Events Secretary organise a open training session for non members from th

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When you are walking down Main Street, what are you looking at? Storefronts are the main attraction to every one’s eyes as they stroll down the street. They have the power to draw you in or push you away. You can tell a lot about what the store is by what their name is, things in the windows, signs, etc. This is what makes all storefronts unique and different from all other buildings, they tell you exactly what is inside without you having to walk in and discover it for yourself. The storefront is the most important architectural feature of all commercial buildings. It plays a very large role in the store’s advertising and merchandise that draws customers and increase business. The storefront is the most commonly altered feature of a building for this reason. These changes can completely change the building’s architectural features that make up its historical features. The history of storefronts go all the way back into the 1700’s. The Wild West days back in the 1800’s when cowboys and outlaws roamed the free new land are we will start. Saloons, general stores, black- smiths, gunsmiths, etc. all had storefronts telling the cowboys and travelers what their store was. They all had windows you could peek into and see what each had to offer. If you were traveling and came into town, you would want to know where the general store and saloon where so you could get supplies and take the edge off and relax. Without these storefronts you would wander the streets clueless or would just continue traveling thinking that town had nothing to offer. Commercial establishments have been on ground level since the 18th and 19th centuries. They had residentially scaled doors and windows that were unrecognizable from surrounding houses. In rare cases,... ...lder store but can also detract from the visibility of the windows. Neon signs can be quiet effective since they are bright and grab your attention from a ways away. Neon comes in a variety of colors that can be used with your color scheme. Some people say that a neon open sign can be on of the most important features in a store’s window. You also want to check sign ordinances to see if you are allowed to place a sandwich board on the sidewalk between the curb and the store. Storefronts vary from region to region with Jackson Hole, WY being full of tourist merchandise and high prices. Gatlinburg, TN is also a tourist town with tons of attractions and high priced souvenir stores full of junk. Cody, WY had tons of rust old western looking stores and merchandise. Storefronts in larger cities were more modern and industrial looking with nicer clothing and jewelry shops.

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Loneliness: We all know that every one becomes lonely once in a while. But in Steinbeck's novella "Of Mice and Men† it shows the loneliness of ranch life in the early 1930's. It also shows how people are trying to find friendship with other ranchers in order to escape from loneliness. Imagine if you had nobody to talk to. Loneliness is the basic message here in this story. Steinbeck uses different type of names and words such as the town near the ranch called â€Å"Soledad†. Which means loneliness in Spanish. Another word Steinbeck uses is the card game called "Solitaire" which means by ones self. George would normally play this card game by himself or either with Carlson and Slim. All men on the ranch are lonely including Curley’s wife even though she has Curely as his husband. But they have no communication at all. She is controlled by Curley making her lonely. He doesn’t let her speak to anybody. The men on the ranch are not afraid to talk to her, the reason they don’t talk to her is because Curley will start a fight because of jealousy. â€Å"Go back to the house† said Curley (pg. 78). She has no female friends on the ranch leading her only option to talking to men on the ranch. Curley is an aggressive guy and doesn’t like the fact that his wife is out of the house all the time. In the beginning of the boo k, Steinbeck introduces the idea of loneliness by how men work on ranches living temporary lives, with no goal in life. Although Lennie’s and George’s goal is to have their own land and have all different types of animals and of course â€Å"how I get to tend the rabbits† says Lennie (pg. 14). â€Å"Over each bunk there was nailed an apple box with the opening forward so that it made two shelves for personal belongings of the occupant of th... ...I couldn’t do that. I had’ im too long†(pg.45). It shows that Candy was upset to kill his old dog that he had for a long time. He felt he should have shot his dog himself, not a stranger. When George shoot Lennie he felt terrible because it was his true friend and the only one he trusted. Because of this, he has to live the rest of his life alone and knowing that he killed his only friend he trusted. But I think he did the right thing. I think it shows their strong friendship. George did what was best for himself and for Lennie, which stopped all the trouble Lennie caused. Each character in the book is affected by loneliness in one way or another. Everybody needs to talk to someone in order to survive the loneliness. Each of the characters died due to loneliness. The message the book is giving out is every body needs a friend to talk to, no matter what race or sex.

What is an Auteur? Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is an auteur? Answer this question with detailed reference to one film director: Alfred Hitchcock Studies of the Auteur Theory in film have often looked toward Alfred Hitchcock as an ideal auteur: an artist with a signature style who leaves his own mark on every work he creates. According to the theory, it does not matter whether or not the director writes his own films, because the film will reflect the vision and the mind of the director through the choices he makes in his film. In the case of Hitchcock’s earliest films when he was still under the control of his producers, there is still a distinct stamp upon these images. Hitchcock has said that he was influenced by the German Expressionists, and admired their ability â€Å"to express ideas in purely visual terms†. It is this expression of thought and psychology that Hitchcock achieves throughout his films, even early on. Even the psychology that is in the films can be particularly a signature of Hitchcock - critics have found throughout his films a fascination with wrongful accusation and imprisonment. They are present in even his earliest films. A particular sequence of Hitchcock’s 1935 film The 39 Steps bears the mark of Hitchcock through the visual expression of the fear of wrongful accusation and confinement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the shot before the sequence, we see the crofter asking his wife what has happened to his coat, as it had his hymnbook in the pocket. She, offscreen, tells him that she gave the coat to Hannay. The crofter angrily walks offscreen toward her, and we hear her terrified scream - this scream suddenly becomes the sheriff’s offscreen laughter, as the next shot is of the hymnbook with the bullet hole in it. From the beginning of the sequence, Hitchcock transmits the feeling that there is something not quite right about the sheriff. As the scene in the police station begins, Hannay has just finished telling the sheriff that he is the one that the papers have been describing as a murderer, but that he is innocent of the crime. The sheriff laughs along with Hannay and seems to believe him, but as soon as the sheriff’s colleagues come in to the room, we learn that the sheriff has been just humoring him and thinks Hannay is a murderer. Hannay is forced to esc ape. The entire scene, through the lighting, angles, ... ...and framing, Hitchcock expresses the horror of wrongful imprisonment through visual devices. Hitchcock allows Hannay to escape the snare of the police into the open world, as Hannay finds himself outside in a parade. Hannay, now free from the confines of the sheriff’s office and walking amidst the people, is now vindicated, living momentarily in the comfort of anonymity. But Hitchcock re-plays his fears, so of course Hannay will soon be back in the binding spotlight in the next sequence. Yet it is more than the fear of police and confinement that is a mark of the Hitchcock film - it is the visual expression of these psychological states that are examples of the artistry of Hitchcock as an auteur. And as seen through the first shot of the chosen sequence in which the sheriff’s laugh is merged with the crofter’s wife’s screams, Hitchcock went beyond the German Expressionists that he admired, manipulating sound to express ideas in their purest, most subtl e forms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bibliography: â€Å"The 39 steps† by Mark Glancy â€Å"Hitchcock on hitchcock† by Sidney Gottlieb â€Å"The Alfred Hitchcock story† by Ken Mogg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Medical Office Management Essay

Please use this template to answer the questions below in essay format. The minimum word count for the three questions of Part 1 is 300 words total (or 100 words per question). A reference citation is required. Your responses should follow the conventions of Standard American English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.). Your writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful. Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics. Use the APA style only for citations. More details can be found in the GEL 1.1 Universal Writing Rubric. PART I: MEDICAL RECORDS QUESTIONS The Medical Record Management System your office implements is only as good as the ease of retrieval of the data in the files. Organization and adherence to set routines will help to ensure that medical records are accessible when they are needed. Questions: 1. 1. Why are medical records important? (See Chapter 14, page 238–239 of your text for the reasons.) Medical information is the lifeblood of the healthcare delivery system. The medical record contains all of the medical information that describes all aspects of patient care and serves as a communication link among caregivers. Documentation in the medical record also serves to protect the legal interests of the patient, healthcare provider, and healthcare facility. Medical records are important to the financial well being of the facility as they substantiate reimbursement claims. Other uses of medical records include provision of data for medical research, education of health care providers, public health studies, and quality review. 2. 2. Discuss the pros and cons for the various filing methods? Be sure to include information regarding potential time involved, staffing, and spacing (See Chapter 14, pages 257–259 of your text). Clinical outcomes include  improvements in the quality of care, a reduction in medical errors, and other improvements in patient-level measures that describe the appropriateness of care. Organizational advantage, on the other hand, have included such items as as financial and operational performance, as well as satisfaction among patients and staff who use Electronic filing. Electronic filing also cuts down on the space needed tremendously, they no longer need a huge room to store all patients files. It is also faster to find, update, and send electronic files. Last but not least, societal outcomes include being better able to conduct research and achieving improved population health. Although it seems there could be nothing wrong with EMR, there are potential disadvantages associ ated with this technology. These include financial issues, changes in workflow, temporary loss of productivity associated with EHR adoption, privacy and security concerns, as well as access. 3. Discuss and explain the five basic filing steps. Include why each step (conditioning, releasing, indexing, etc.) is important. (See Chapter 14, pages 255–256 of your text). Medical records should be organized in an orderly fashion, and all of the information within the record should be legible to the average reader. The information within the medical record must be accurate and corrections should be made and documented correctly. The wording in medical records should be easily understood and grammatically correct. All of these steps are important to remember when maintaining a medical record for future reference, or even legal issues. Discuss and explain the five basic filing steps. (1) Conditioning, involves removing all pens, brads and paper clips. During this process you will also staple all related material together, and attach clippings or items smaller then page-size to a regular sheet of paper. This step is important because your starting to organize and layout the medical record. (2) Releasing, during this step a marking is placed on the papers indicating that they are ready to be filled. This step is important for other members in the medical f acility dealing with the filing process.

Facial Identification Of Driver Fatigue Health And Social Care Essay

Driver weariness is frequently one of the prima causes of traffic accidents. In this concluding twelvemonth undertaking, a computing machine vision attack which exploits the driver ‘s facial look is considered, utilizing a combination of the Viola-Jones face sensing technique and support vector machines to sort facial visual aspect and find the degree of weariness.Section 1: DescriptionIntroductionStatisticss show that driver weariness is frequently one of the prima causes of traffic accidents. Over the past few old ages, a batch of research and attempt has been put forth in planing systems that monitor both driver and driving public presentation. A computing machine vision attack which exploits the driver ‘s facial look is considered in this concluding twelvemonth undertaking. The Viola-Jones real-time object sensing model working on a boosted cascade of Haar ripple characteristics is adopted for face sensing. To find the degree of weariness, multiple characteristic cate gorization is so performed utilizing support vector machines. The motives for taking to develop the system in this mode are the rapid face sensing times coupled with the simple and inexpensive overall execution, avoiding the demand to put in expensive and complex hardware.Concise Literature ReviewThis subdivision gives a wide reappraisal of the literary work related to face sensing in fatigue monitoring systems and engineerings, concentrating peculiarly on what has been done in the field of driver weariness. In subdivision 1.2.1, several statistics of fatigue-related motor vehicle accidents are mentioned and analysed. Section 1.2.2 high spots some of the more successful systems ( both commercial and non-commercial ) that have been implemented in recent old ages. On the other manus, subdivision 1.2.3 nowadayss an enlightening overview of the algorithms and techniques typically used in the development of such systems, particularly those refering to both face and facial characteristic sensing. Representative plants for each of these methods will be included.Statisticss Related to Driver FatigueDriver weariness has been one of the chief causes of route accidents and human deaths in recent old ages, and in this subdivision an effort is made to foreground some of the more of import statistics that demonstrate this negative tendency. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) [ 1 ] estimations that 2-23 % of all vehicle clangs can be attributed to driver weariness. Every twelvemonth, around 100,000 traffic accidents and 71,000 hurts related to driver sleepiness are reported in the United States, out of which more than 1,300 are fatal [ 2 ] . The NHTSA [ 3 ] besides reports that in the twelvemonth 2005 entirely, there were about 5,000 route human deaths ( around 8.4 % ) which were caused either by driver inattention ( 5.8 % ) or sleepy and fatigued drive ( 2.6 % ) . Furthermore, 28 % of fatal traffic accidents were due to lane maintaining failure, one of the indirect effects of weariness on drivers, ensuing in the loss of 16,000 lives. Undoubtedly, truck drivers are more capable to tire chiefly because of the long hours travelled on main roads, taking to inevitable humdrum journeys. In fact, a survey by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) [ 4 ] confirmed that weariness was the finding factor in 51 out of 87 instances of truck accidents. These dismaying statistics pointed to the demand to plan and implement systems capable of tracking and analyzing a driver ‘s facial features or organic structure provinces and giving a warning signal at the first noticeable marks of weariness to seek and forestall the likely happening of an accident. In the following subdivision of this literature reappraisal, a figure of these systems will be presented.Existing Fatigue Monitoring SystemsMany different attacks for systems undertaking the job of driver fatigue have been studied and implemented over the past few old ages. Earlier devices tended to be instead intrusive, necessitating physical contact to mensurate fatigue characteristics while driving. These characteristics included bosom rate variableness, analysis of encephalon signals every bit good as the driver ‘s physiological province. Other systems studied the relation of driver sleepiness to maneuvering clasp and vehicle motions, with some besides using lane tracking installations. However, the focal point nowadays is more towards independent non-intrusive systems that work in the background without deflecting the driver in any manner, able to observe and track caput and oculus motions by agencies of one or more cameras mounted on the vehicle ‘s splashboard. The bulk of merchandises tracking weariness have been designed for on-road vehicles, such as autos, trucks and engines, and these will be reviewed in the undermentioned subdivision. In Section 1.2.2.2, other types of weariness monitoring systems that have been deployed will be analysed.On-Road Fatigue Monitoring SystemsCommercially Implemented SystemsIn the system presented by Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc. [ 5 ] , a caput mounted device in the signifier of a baseball cap uses the encephalon ‘s EEG ( Electroencephalography ) signals to mensurate weariness. Two electrodes inside the baseball cap are connected to the driver ‘s scalp to capture these signals, directing them v ia wireless moving ridges to a processing device 20 pess off from the driver. Russian seller Neurocom marketed the Engine Driver Vigilance Telemetric Control System ( EDVTCS ) [ 6 ] for usage within the Russian railroad system. EDVTCS continuously track drivers ‘ physiological province by mensurating alterations in the electro cuticular activity ( EDA ) i.e. alterations in the tegument ‘s opposition to electricity based on the eccrine perspiration secretory organs of the human organic structure, located chiefly on the thenar of our custodies and the colloidal suspensions of our pess. One of the first non-intrusive driver weariness supervising systems was ASTiD ( Advisory System for Tired Drivers ) [ 7 ] . It consists of an up-to-date knowledge-base theoretical account exposing a 24-hour anticipation form sing the possibility of the driver traveling to kip piece at the wheel, and a guidance wheel detector system capable of placing humdrum driving intervals, such as those in main roads, every bit good as unusual maneuvering motions as a consequence of driver weariness. Lane trailing is another attack taken to place distraction forms while driving. SafeTRAC, by AssistWare Technology [ 8 ] , consists of a picture camera located on the windscreen of the vehicle ( confronting the route ) and a splashboard mounted having device to which it is connected. The camera is able to observe lane markers in roads and issues hearable, ocular or haptic warnings if fickle drive forms, such as changeless impetuss between lanes, are observed. Sing the issues encountered in earlier systems, more importance now started being given to systems that monitored driver head motions, face and facial characteristics. MINDS ( MicroNod Detection System ) , described in [ 9 ] , paths head place and motion, with caput nodding being the chief weariness characteristic used for observing micro-sleep ( short periods of distraction ) while driving. Head motion is tracked by an array of three capacitance detectors located merely above the driver ‘s cockpit. Yet another attack was taken by David Dinges and Richard Grace [ 10 ] at the Carnegie Mellon Research Institute ( CMRI ) in the development of the PERCLOS proctor, which determines the oculus closing per centum over clip for fatigue sensing. In [ 11 ] , PERCLOS is defined as the proportion of clip the eyes are closed 80 % or more for a specified clip interval. FaceLAB [ 12 ] focal points on both face and oculus trailing, mensurating PERCLOS ( PERcentage of oculus CLOSure over clip ) and analyzing water chickweeds in existent clip ( including wink frequence and wink continuance ) . A important difference from other systems is that the absolute place of the eyelid, instead than the occlusion of the student, is used to mensurate oculus closing, doing it much more accurate. The 2001 AWAKE undertaking of the European Union [ 13 ] focused specifically on driver weariness, integrating many of the above mentioned steps. The chief end of this undertaking, ( its acronym standing for System for effectual Assessment of driver watchfulness and Warning Harmonizing to traffic hazard Estimation ) , was to supply research on the real-time, non-intrusive monitoring of the driver ‘s current province and driving public presentation. Many spouses were involved in AWAKE, including developers, makers and providers of electronics, research institutes, universities, auto makers and terminal users. The undertaking ‘s initial ends were those of accomplishing over 90 % dependability, a lower than 1 % false dismay rate and a user credence rate transcending 70 % . Car fabrication companies, such as Toyota, Nissan and DaimlerChrysler [ 9 ] are besides in the procedure of developing their ain weariness supervising systems.Research Based SystemsMany research documents closely related to driver fatigue monitoring have been published in recent old ages. Assorted attacks have been proposed, among which skin coloring material information has been really popular. Smith [ 14 ] nowadayss a system based on skin coloring material predicates to find weariness from oculus wink rate and caput rotary motion information. Similarly, in the gaze way monitoring system proposed by Wahlstrom et Al. [ 15 ] , coloring material predicates are used to turn up the lip part by finding those pels that match the needed coloring material values. Face extraction by skin coloring material cleavage utilizing the normalized RGB skin coloring material theoretical account is adopted in both [ 16 ] and [ 17 ] . Veeraraghavan and Papanikolopoulos [ 16 ] developed a system to observ e forms of micro-sleep by continuously tracking the driver ‘s eyes. PERCLOS is the fatigue characteristic measured in Aryuanto and Limpraptono ‘s system [ 17 ] . Horng and Chen [ 18 ] attempted to utilize the HSI coloring material theoretical account to take the consequence of brightness from the image. Machine acquisition is another common attack to tire sensing. Yang et Al. [ 19 ] choose to follow a Bayesian Network based â€Å" probabilistic model † to find the fatigue degree. A Bayesian Network theoretical account is besides constructed in [ 20 ] , where Zhu and Lan track multiple ocular cues, including caput and oculus motions and facial looks via two cameras, one for the face and the other concentrating specifically on the eyes, every bit good as Infra-Red illuminators to illume up the needed countries of the face. A nervous web attack is adopted by D'Orazio et Al. [ 21 ] and RibariA†¡ et Al. [ 22 ] in their proposed systems. In [ 21 ] , the oculus is detected based on the border information of the flag, with its darker coloring material doing it much easier to turn up. A back extension nervous web is trained to sort the province of the eyes ( either unfastened or closed ) . On the other manus, in [ 22 ] , a intercrossed nervous web and a combination of the â€Å" HMAX theoretical account † and â€Å" Viola-Jones sensor † together with a Multi-Layer Perceptron ( MLP ) are used to turn up the face. The grade of caput rotary motion, oculus closing and oral cavity openness are the fatigue steps calculated. To sort driver public presentation informations, Liang et Al. [ 23 ] make usage of Support Vector Machines ( SVMs ) . They focus on cognitive ( mental ) , instead than ocular driver distractions. For fast face and facial characteristic sensing, the method proposed by Viola and Jones affecting a boosted cascade of characteristics based on Haar ripples is adopted in a figure of documents, including [ 24 ] and [ 25 ] . Often, a loanblend of techniques are used to obtain better consequences for driver weariness sensing. Saradadevi and Bajaj [ 26 ] usage Viola-Jones ‘ method for mouth sensing and SVMs to right sort normal and yawning oral cavity cases. On the contrary, the one presented by Narole and Bajaj [ 27 ] combines pixel-based skin coloring material cleavage for face sensing and a mixture of nervous webs and familial algorithms to optimally find the weariness index, with the nervous web being given as initial input values for oculus closing and oscitance rate.Other Fatigue Mo nitoring SystemsAs with drivers in autos, pilots in aircrafts are obviously capable to tire, chiefly due to the drawn-out flight continuances. NTI Inc. and Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC ) [ 28 ] designed the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool ( FAST ) , a system intended to track and foretell weariness degrees for U.S. Air Force pilots, based on the SAFTE ( Sleep, Activity, Fatigue and Task Effectiveness ) theoretical account created by Dr. Steven Hursh. Another application in which weariness monitoring is utile is in the bar of Computer Vision Syndrome [ 29 ] , a status caused by working for drawn-out hours in forepart of show devices, such as computing machine proctors. Matsushita et Al. [ 30 ] besides developed a wearable weariness monitoring system which detects marks of weariness based on caput motions. The broad assortment of different applications developed to supervise weariness is an grounds of the turning importance of this field. The focal point in the following portion of the literature reappraisal will switch to the weariness analysis attack taken in this thesis: the sensing of faces and their characteristics in images. The implicit in methods and algorithms typically used in this procedure will be discussed.Reappraisal on Face and Facial Feature Detection TechniquesKnowledge-based methodsDetecting faces in knowledge-based techniques involves the encryption of a set of simple regulations specifying the features of the human face, including pixel strengths in the images and the places and correlativities between the different characteristics, since these are common to all human existences. In a knowledge-based method presented by Yang and Huang [ 31 ] , a hierarchy of grayscale images of different declarations together with three different classs of regulations are used. The images are analysed for possible face campaigners by using regulations that have to make with the cell strength distribution of the human face. An betterment to this multi-resolution method was proposed by Kotropoulos and Pitas [ 32 ] . Alternatively of ciphering the mean pixel strength of each cell, merely those for each image row and column are computed, organizing perpendicular and horizontal profiles severally. To vouch a high sensing rate, the regulations in knowledge-based methods must neither be excessively general nor excessively specific, and hence, the coevals of regulations for the face must be performed really carefully. Because of the complexness required in coding all possible face constellations, rule-based techniques do non provide for different face airss [ 33 ] , doing them decidedly inappropriate for weariness monitoring applications.Feature-based methodsFeature-based attacks to confront sensing differ in a important manner from rule-based techniques in that they foremost attempt to place a individual ‘s facial properties and later find whether the latter are valid plenty to represent a human face, ensuing in the sensing of that face.Facial FeaturesThe presence of faces in images is frequently determined by trying to observe facial characteristics such as the eyes, nose and mouth. In a method presented by Sirehoy [ 34 ] , the egg-shaped nature of the human face is used as the footing for face sensing in grayscale images with littered backgrounds. Due to the different visual aspects of facial characteristics in images, Leung et Al. [ 35 ] usage a combination of several local characteristic sensors utilizing Gaussian derivative filters together with a statistical theoretical account of the geometrical distances between these characteristics to guarantee accurate face localisation. Han et Al. [ 36 ] , on the other manus, usage morphological operations that focus chiefly on the oculus part in their efforts to observe faces, based on the logical thinking that this is the most consistent facial part in different light conditions. A more robust and flexible feature-based system was presented by Yow and Cipolla [ 37 ] . The theoretical account cognition of the face that is used screens a wider country, including the superciliums, eyes, nose and mouth. A figure of Partial Face Groups ( PFGs ) , tantamount to a subset of these characteristic points ( 4 ) , are used to provide for partial face occlusions.Face TextureAnother face cue that is used for sensing intents is its textural form, this being specific to worlds and hence easy discriminable from other forms. Manian and Ross [ 38 ] present an algorithm that uses the symmetricalness and uniformity of the facial form as the footing of sensing. Rikert et Al. [ 39 ] tackle texture-based sensing in a different manner, utilizing a statistical method that learns to correctly sort whether an image contains a face or non.Skin ColourMany plants related to human clamber coloring material as a face sensing cue have been presented in recent old ages. Detection can be either pixel-based or region-based. The former attack is normally taken, in which each pel is analysed and classified as either tegument or non-skin. Two chief picks are made during this procedure: the coloring material infinite and tegument modeling method. Harmonizing to [ 40 ] , the normalized RGB, HSV and YCrCb coloring material infinites are typically used to pattern skin coloring material. Normalized RGB [ 41 – 45 ] is reported to be consistent in different light conditions and face orientations. On the other manus, YCrCb [ 46 – 48 ] and HSV [ 49 – 51 ] are normally chosen since they specifically separate the luminosity and chrominance constituents of the images. In [ 40 ] , several other tegument patterning techniques normally adopted are mentioned.Template matching methodsAnother proposed method for face sensing involves the storage of forms of the face and its characteristics, which are so compared to existent face images and given a correlativity value ( i.e. the degree of similarity between the existent image and the stored form ) . The higher this value, the greater is the opportunity that the image contains a face. Works on templet fiting techniques in recent old ages have focused both on fixed and variable-size ( deformable ) templets.Fixed-size TemplatesFengjun et Al. [ 52 ] and Ping et Al. [ 53 ] usage a combination of skin coloring material cleavage and templet matching for face sensing. Two grayscale templets with predefined sizes – one covering the whole face and the other concentrating merely on the part incorporating the two eyes – are utilised in both systems. Fixed-size templets, although straightforward to implement, miss adaptability to different caput places since sensing is greatly affected by the orientation defined in the templet.Deformable TemplatesAn improved templet matching method is one in which the templet can be altered to better reflect the input images and therefore would be able to place a wider assortment of faces in different airss. Yuille et Al. [ 54 ] propose deformable oculus and mouth templet matching in their work. Initially, the templets are parameterized through pre-processing to bespeak the expected form of both characteristics. The work presented by Lanitis et Al. [ 55 ] besides parameterizes the templet s, concentrating on the coevals of flexible molded human face theoretical accounts through the usage of a â€Å" Point Distribution Model † ( PDM ) [ 56 ] which is trained on a figure of images per individual with characteristic fluctuations within and between faces.Appearance-based methodsRather than being based on a set of preset templets, appearance-based face sensing relies on machine larning techniques that identify the presence of faces and their major features after a procedure of developing on existent universe informations. One of the most widely adopted machine larning attacks for face sensing are nervous webs, chiefly because of the success they achieved in other applications affecting pattern acknowledgment. Rowley et Al. [ 57 ] propose a robust multi-layer multi-network nervous web that takes as input pre-processed 20Ãâ€"20 grayscale pel images to which a filter is applied at each pel place, returning a face correlativity value from -1 to 1. The concealed beds o f the nervous web are designed to supervise different shaped countries of the human face, such as both eyes utilizing a 20Ãâ€"5 pel window and single eyes and other characteristics with the 5Ãâ€"5 and 10Ãâ€"10 Windowss. The web so outputs another mark finding the presence or otherwise of a face in a peculiar window. Yang et Al. [ 58 ] establish their system on a Sparse Network of Winnows ( SNoW ) [ 59 ] . Two mark nodes ( â€Å" linear units † ) patterning face and non-face form characteristics are used in this instance. The active characteristics ( with binary representation ) in an input illustration are first identified and given as input to the web. The mark nodes are â€Å" coupled via leaden borders † to a subset of the characteristics. To update the weights for farther preparation, the Winnow update regulation method developed by Littlestone [ 60 ] is adopted. A additive categorization technique in the signifier of Support Vector Machines ( SVMs ) was used to observe faces in an application presented by Osuna et al [ 61 ] in 1997. While the bulk of machine acquisition attacks ( including nervous webs ) effort to take down the â€Å" empirical hazard † , i.e. the mistake value in the preparation procedure, SVMs attempt to cut down the upper edge of the expected generalisation mistake in a procedure called â€Å" structural hazard minimisation † . Viola and Jones [ 62 ] present a rapid object sensing system holding face sensing as its motive. A important difference from other proposed systems is that rectangular characteristics, instead than pels, nowadays in the inputted grayscale images are used as the bases for categorization. This has the consequence of increasing the velocity of the overall procedure. Viola and Jones ‘ method will be discussed in item in the following chapter of this thesis.Purposes and AimsFamiliarization with the OpenCV tool. Literature Review about bing systems and methods to be used in this Dissertation. Fast face sensing utilizing Viola-Jones technique. Execution of multiple facial characteristics used to find the fatigue degree. Application of Support Vector Machine classifier to observe unsafe state of affairss such as driver kiping etc. Real-time execution of the proposed methods within OpenCV.MethodsViola-Jones technique for face sensing. Support vector machines to sort facial visual aspect ( e.g. open/closed eye/mouth ) . Features to be taken into consideration: caput motion, oculus closing and frequence of oral cavity gap ( bespeaking yawning ) . Eye weariness steps include PERCLOS ( PERcentage Eye CLOSure over clip ) and AECS ( Average Eye Closure Speed ) .EvaluationComparing the developed system to other systems found in literature in footings of preciseness, callback and truth. Deducing some trial informations on which the algorithms will be tested. Test topics seeking out the application. Showing the consequences obtained.DeliverablesProgress Report. Review Report. 2 page abstract for ICT Final YearA Student Projects Exhibition. Presentation Slides and Poster. Spiral and difficult edge transcripts of the Dissertation Report. C++ application, preparation and testing resources.Section 2: Work PlanWork done so farCollected and read several documents related to bing driver weariness systems and face sensing in general. Completed the first bill of exchange of the literature reappraisal. Familiarized myself with the OpenCV environment. Used a webcam to capture two short cartridge holders inside a auto, one in sunny and the other in cloud-covered conditions. Collected 2000 positive and 4000 negative images for face sensing. Positive images: 1500 taken from FERET grayscale face database, the other 500 from the captured cartridge holders. Negative images: created a C++ application to randomly choice non-relevant countries of the frames of the two captured cartridge holders. Created another C++ application to be able to harvest the positive images to bespeak merely the needed rectangular countries, bring forthing a text file to be used in the preparation procedure. Used this information to bring forth a classifier for faces in XML format with OpenCV ‘s Haar preparation public-service corporation.SubtasksCompute truth, preciseness and callback values for the face sensing preparation. Trial with new picture cartridge holders and observing the consequences obtained. Perform Cross Validation. Train the classifier for oral cavities, once more utilizing positive and negative images. For oculus sensing, an already generated classifier will be used. Extract characteristics from face, oculus and mouth sensing. Integrate and utilize a C++ library for support vector machines, such as libSVM, to sort facial visual aspect. Write Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Evaluation, Results, Future Work and Conclusion of the Dissertation Report. Write Review Report. Write 2 page abstract for ICT Final YearA Student Projects Exhibition. Work on Presentation Slides and Poster.Schedule ( Gantt Chart )Section 3: Mentions[ 1 ] D. Dinges, M. Mallis, G. Maislin and J. Powell ( 1998 ) . â€Å" Concluding study: Evaluation of Techniques for Ocular Measurement as an Index of Fatigue and the Basis for Alertness Management † , U.S. Dept. 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